网络编程

什么是计算机网络

eg:信封 写信 讲述包的概念(对方的信息,地址;自己的地址)

eg:
打电话 --连接-- 接了 --通话 TCP
发短信 --发送了就完事了 --接受 UDP

计算机网络

计算机网络(英语:computer network),通常也简称网络,是指容许节点分享资源的数字电信网络[1]:1-3。在电脑网络,电脑设备会透过节点之间的连接(数据链路)互相交换数据。传输介质可分为有线无线两类——有线的可用到双绞线光纤电缆等介质[1]:1-4;无线则可用到Wi-Fi、NFC[2]:4-32。

网络编程的目的

无线电台 传播交流信息 数据交换 通信

要达到效果所需的

  1. 如何准确定位网络上的一台主机 eg:192.168.16.124 : 端口 ,定位到这个计算机上的某个资源
  2. 找到这个主机,如何传输数据? 传输介质

javaweb:网页编程

网络编程:TCP/IP C/S

网络通信的两个要素

如何实现网络的通信?
通信双方的地址:

  • ip
  • 端口号
  • eg:192.168.16.124:5900

规则:网络通信的协议

TCP/IP 参考模型

  1. 网络编程中两个主要的问题
    • 如何准确定位到网络上的一台或者多台主机
    • 找到主机之后如何进行通信
  2. 网络编程的要素
    • IP 和 端口号 ip
    • 网络通信协议 udp,tcp
  3. 万物皆对象 ---Java

IP地址

IP地址:InetAddress

  • 唯一定位一台网络上计算机

  • 127.0.0.1 : 本机localhost

  • ip地址的分类

    • IPv4/IPv6
      • IPv4 127.0.0.1 4个字节组成。 0~255,42亿个;30亿都在北美,亚洲4亿;2011年用尽IPv4
      • IPv6 fe80::d06b:cf88:8c85:7e09%9 128位;8个无符号整数!
        eg: 2001:0bb2:aaaa:0015:0000:0000:1aaa:1321
    • 公网(互联网) 私网(局域网)
      • ABCD类地址
      • 192.168.xxx.xxx 专门给组织内部使用的
  • 域名:IP地址不容易记忆,用域名更方便
    eg:我的blog域名为 www.kok-s0s.top

package lesson01;

import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;

//测试ip
public class TestInetAddress {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            //查询本机地址
            InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
            System.out.println(inetAddress1);
            InetAddress inetAddress3 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
            System.out.println(inetAddress1);
            InetAddress inetAddress4 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
            System.out.println(inetAddress1);

            //查询我的blog地址
            InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getByName("www.kok-s0s.top");
            System.out.println(inetAddress2);

            //常用方法
            System.out.println(inetAddress2.getAddress());
            System.out.println(inetAddress2.getCanonicalHostName());
            System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostAddress());
            System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostName());
        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

端口Port

端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程:

  • 不同的进程有不同的端口号!用来区分软件!

  • 规定范围 0~65535 * 2 可以 TCP:80 UDP:80 同时存在,但单个协议下,端口号不能冲突

  • 端口分类

    • 公有端口 0~1023

      • HTTP : 80
      • HTTPS : 443
      • FTP : 21
      • Telent : 23
    • 程序注册端口:1024~49151,分配给用户或者程序

      • Tomcat : 8080
      • MySQL : 3306
      • Oracle : 1521
    • 动态,私有:49152~65535

      netstat -ano  #查看所有的端口
      netstat -ano|findstr "5900"   #查看指定的端口
      tasklist|findstr "8696"   #查看指定端口的进程
      Ctrl + Shift + ESC     #快速打开任务管理器
package lesson01;

import java.net.InetSocketAddress;

public class TestInetSocketAddress {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        InetSocketAddress inetSocketAddress1 = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8080);
        InetSocketAddress inetSocketAddress2 = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080);
        System.out.println(inetSocketAddress1);
        System.out.println(inetSocketAddress2);

        System.out.println(inetSocketAddress1.getAddress());
        System.out.println(inetSocketAddress1.getHostName());//地址
        System.out.println(inetSocketAddress1.getPort());//端口
    }
}

通信协议

协议:约定,好比人们之间交流使用的普通话一样

网络通信协议:速率,传输码率,代码结构,传输控制······

问题:有很多复杂的问题

能够大事化小:分层!

TCP/IP协议簇:一组协议

重要:

  • TCP:用户传输协议

  • UDP:用户数据报协议

  • IP:网络互联协议

TCP与UDP的对比:

TCP:打电话

  • 连接,稳定

  • ‘三次握手’ ‘四次握手’

    最少需要三次,保证稳定连接!
    A:你瞅啥?
    B: 瞅你咋地?
    A: 干一场!
    
    A:我要走了
    B:你真的要走了吗?
    B: 你真的要走了!
    A:我真的要走了!
  • 客户端 服务端

  • 传输完成,释放连接,效率低

UDP:发短信

  • 不连接,不稳定
  • 客户端,服务端,没有明确的界限
  • 不管有没有准备好,都可以发给你
  • DDOS:洪水攻击!(饱和攻击)

TCP实现聊天

客户端

  1. 连接服务器 Socket
  2. 发送消息
package lesson02;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;

//客户端
public class TcpClientDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Socket socket=null;
        OutputStream os=null;
        try {
            //1. 要知道服务器的地址
            InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
            int port = 9999;
            //2. 创建一个socket连接
            socket = new Socket(serverIP, port);
            //3. 发送消息 IO流
            os = socket.getOutputStream();

            os.write("kok-s0s,你好".getBytes());
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if (socket != null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (os != null) {
                try {
                    os.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

服务器

  1. 建立服务的端口 ServerSocket
  2. 等待用户的连接 accept
  3. 接受用户的消息
package lesson02;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

//服务端
public class TcpServerDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
        Socket socket = null;
        InputStream is = null;
        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
        try {
            //1. 客户端想知道我的地址,那我需要有一个地址
            serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
            while (true) {
                //2. 等待客户端请求连接
                socket = serverSocket.accept();
                //3. 读取客户端的消息
                is = socket.getInputStream();


                //管道流
                baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
                int len;
                while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1) {
                    baos.write(buffer, 0, len);
                }
                System.out.println(baos.toString());
            }


        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //关闭资源
            if (baos != null) {
                try {
                    baos.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (is != null) {
                try {
                    is.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (socket != null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (serverSocket != null) {
                try {
                    serverSocket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

TCP文件上传实现

下面的代码没有做异常处理

服务端

package lesson02;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

public class TcpServerDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //1. 创建服务
        ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
        //2. 监听客户端的连接
        Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();//阻塞式监听,会一直等待客户端连接
        //3. 获取输入流
        InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
        //4. 文件输出
        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("receive.jpg"));
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        int len;
        while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1) {
            fos.write(buffer, 0, len);
        }


        //通知客户端 接受完毕了
        OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
        os.write("接受完毕了,你可以断开了".getBytes());


        //5. 关闭资源
        os.close();
        fos.close();
        is.close();
        socket.close();
        serverSocket.close();
    }
}

客户端

package lesson02;

import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;

public class TcpClientDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //1. 创建一个socket连接
        Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9000);
        //2. 创建一个输出流
        OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();

        //3. 读取文件
        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("kok-s0s.jpg"));

        //4. 写出文件
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        int len = 0;
        while ((len = fis.read(buffer)) != -1) {
            os.write(buffer, 0, len);
        }

        //通知服务器我已经结束了
        socket.shutdownOutput();//传输已经完毕了

        //确定服务器接受完毕,才能够断开连接

        InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
        //String byte[]
        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

        byte[] buffer2 = new byte[1024];
        int len2 = 0;
        while ((len2 = inputStream.read(buffer2)) != -1) {
            baos.write(buffer2, 0, len2);
        }

        System.out.println(baos.toString());

        //5. 关闭资源
        baos.close();
        inputStream.close();
        fis.close();
        os.close();
        socket.close();
    }
}

Tomcat

服务端

  • 自定义 S
  • Tomcat服务器 S :Java后台开发

客户端

  • 自定义 C
  • 浏览器 B

UDP消息发送

发消息:无需连接,但需要知道对方的地址!

发送端

package lesson03;

import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetAddress;

//不需要连接服务器
public class UdpA {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //1. 建立一个Socket
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();

        //2. 建个包
        String msg = "hello,服务器!";
        InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
        int port = 9090;

        //数据,数据的长度   起始    要发送给谁
        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(), 0, msg.getBytes().length, localhost, port);

        //3. 发送包
        socket.send(packet);

        //4. 关闭流
        socket.close();
    }
}

接收端

package lesson03;

import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;

//接受方  需要等待客户端的连接,eg:类似取快递,要有固定地址才能送货
public class UdpB {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //开放端口
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);

        //接收数据包
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 0, buffer.length);

        socket.receive(packet);

        System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostAddress());
        System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(), 0, packet.getLength()));

        //关闭连接
        socket.close();
    }
}

UDP聊天实现

发送方循环发送

package chat;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;

public class UdpSender {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);

        //准备数据:控制台读取

        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

        while (true) {
            String data = reader.readLine();
            byte[] datas = data.getBytes();

            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas, 0, datas.length, new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 6666));

            socket.send(packet);
            if (data.equals("cool"))
                break;
        }

        socket.close();
    }
}

接受方循环接受

package chat;

import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;

public class UdpReceiver {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
        while (true) {
            //准备接受包裹
            byte[] container = new byte[1024];
            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
            socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接受包裹

            //断开链接 byebye
            byte[] data = packet.getData();
            String receiveData = new String(data, 0, packet.getLength());

            System.out.println(receiveData);

            if (receiveData.equals("cool"))
                break;

        }
        socket.close();
    }
}

UDP多线程在线聊天

线程Sender

package chat;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;

public class TalkSend implements Runnable {
    DatagramSocket socket = null;
    BufferedReader reader = null;

    private int formPort;
    private String toIP;
    private int toPort;

    public TalkSend(int formPort, String toIP, int toPort) {
        this.formPort = formPort;
        this.toIP = toIP;
        this.toPort = toPort;


        try {
            socket = new DatagramSocket(formPort);
            reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {


        while (true) {
            try {
                String data = reader.readLine();
                byte[] datas = data.getBytes();

                DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas, 0, datas.length, new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP, this.toPort));

                socket.send(packet);
                if (data.equals("bye"))
                    break;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        socket.close();
    }
}

线程Receiver

package chat;

import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;

public class TalkReceive implements Runnable {

    DatagramSocket socket = null;
    private int port;
    private String msgFrom;

    public TalkReceive(int port, String msgFrom) {
        this.port = port;
        this.msgFrom = msgFrom;
        try {
            socket = new DatagramSocket(port);
        } catch (SocketException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {

        while (true) {
            try {
                //准备接受包裹
                byte[] container = new byte[1024];
                DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
                socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接受包裹

                //断开链接 byebye
                byte[] data = packet.getData();
                String receiveData = new String(data, 0, packet.getLength());

                System.out.println(msgFrom + ":" + receiveData);

                if (receiveData.equals("bye"))
                    break;
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        socket.close();

    }
}

girl

package chat;

public class TalkA {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(new TalkSend(7777, "localhost", 9999)).start();
        new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888, "boy")).start();
    }
}

boy

package chat;

public class TalkB {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(new TalkSend(5555, "localhost", 8888)).start();
        new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999, "girl")).start();
    }
}

URL下载网络资源

url:统一资源定位符,定位互联网上的某一个资源

DNS 域名解析

协议://ip地址:端口/项目名/资源

# 可以少但不能多
package lesson04;

//http://localhost:8080/kok-s0s/hello.txt

import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;

public class URLDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws MalformedURLException {
        URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/kok-s0s/index.jsp?username=kok-s0s&password=123");

        System.out.println(url.getProtocol()); //协议
        System.out.println(url.getHost());  //主机ip
        System.out.println(url.getPort());  //端口
        System.out.println(url.getPath());  //文件
        System.out.println(url.getFile());  //全路径
        System.out.println(url.getQuery()); //参数
    }
}

下载音乐

package lesson04;

import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;

public class UrlDown {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        //1. 下载地址
        URL url = new URL("https://m701.music.126.net/20210330161559/0adf1c364da84a4b3b8d39adbbe7ee39/jdyyaac/obj/w5rDlsOJwrLDjj7CmsOj/7449465886/c45e/1cfa/63cc/e64fb7fc577f4ab0892b23ba6a7f6632.m4a");

        //2. 连接到这个资源  HTTP
        HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();

        InputStream inputStream = urlConnection.getInputStream();

        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("ado.mp3");

        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        int len;
        while ((len = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1) {
            fos.write(buffer, 0, len);  //写出这个资源
        }

        fos.close();
        inputStream.close();
        urlConnection.disconnect(); //断开连接
    }
}
Last modification:October 6, 2023
兴趣使然